Ontology: A Practical Guide

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    Order a copy of the book "Ontology: A Practical Guide" (contents) for $25+tax/shipping (international customers should email me first to get shipping costs)

    This book reports on a decade of work developing SUMO and its associated tools, models and domain ontologies. Written for a wide audience, it should be accessible to anyone with a general computer science background. It includes introductions to topics such as formal theorem proving and the properties of different formal knowledge representation languages.

    The book is suitable as a self-study guide for the professional, student or researcher. It also includes a number of exercises with selected answers, making it appropriate as a textbook for a senior year or graduate level course in AI knowledge representation.

    Table of Contents

    List of Authors ix
    Forward xi
    Author's Preface xv
    Chapter 1: Introduction 1
    Motivation 3
    Responding to the Critics 11
    The Symbol Grounding Problem 20
    Contents of the Book 28
    Chapter 2: Knowledge Representation 31
    Overview 33
    Informal Languages 35
    Frames 38
    Description Logic 41
    Propositional and Predicate Logic 47
    First-Order Logic 53
    Higher-Order Logics 55
    First-Order Logic in SUO-KIF 56
    SUO-KIF Details 58
    Conversion to First-Order Logic 61
    Exercises 68
    Chapter 3: Ontologies (in the Broadest Sense) 69
    Introduction 71
    WordNet (and Why it's not an Ontology) 71
    Digression: Ontology Development Pitfalls 78
    Chapter 4: Suggested Upper Merged Ontology 83
    Overview 86
    Validation 89
    Principles of Construction 92
    Digression - Open Research 93
    SUMO History 94
    SUMO Overview 101
    SUMO's Eleven Modules 105
    Lower Level Ontologies 109
    Ontological Issues 111
    Ontology Code Management 118
    SUMO Details and Examples 120
    Semiotics Content 147
    Exercises 154
    Chapter 5: SUMO and the WordNet Mappings 157
    Overview 159
    Interpreting Language 164
    Global WordNet 166
    The Interlingual Index 166
    Arabic and Filipino Wordnets 168
    Chapter 6: Knowledge Engineering Tools 171
    Introduction 173
    Language Generation 175
    Browsing and Display 179
    Analysis and Debugging 182
    Inference 184
    Higher-Order Logic 192
    Mapping, Merging and Translation 194
    Working with Sigma and SUMO 195
    Example Application 197
    Browsing and Editing 201
    Sigma Tutorial 202
    Exercises 214
    Chapter 7: Using SUMO for Inference 215
    Overview 217
    Inference 218
    Example Inference 220
    Proof Presentation 222
    Resolution Theorem Proving Example 223
    Normalization Algorithm 230
    Refutation Algorithm 232
    Chapter 8: Controlled English to Logic Translation 235
    Introduction 237
    Simple Parsing and Interpretation 239
    Issues in Translation 241
    CELT Components 248
    Chapter 9: An Application: Extending SUMO with Wikipedia249
    Introduction 251
    Related Work 251
    General Comparison of the Knowledge Sources 253
    Integration of Entities 255
    Integrating Factual Knowledge 262
    Semantics of Terms in Ontologies 266
    Conclusion 267
    Summary and Conclusions 269
    Answers to the Exercises 271
    Acknowledgments 275
    References 279
    Index 297


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